Chromatography and Analytical Techniques

Hyphenated Techniques (GC-MS, LC-MS)

Hyphenated techniques, such as GC-MS (Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry) and LC-MS (Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry), represent a pivotal advancement in analytical science by combining the separation power of chromatography with the detection accuracy of mass spectrometry. These hybrid systems offer a comprehensive approach to qualitative and quantitative analysis of complex mixtures, enhancing both selectivity and sensitivity. GC-MS is extensively used for volatile and semi-volatile organic compounds in forensic toxicology, environmental science, and petrochemical industries, whereas LC-MS plays a crucial role in pharmaceutical analysis, biomarker discovery, and food safety monitoring. The rise of triple quadrupole and high-resolution mass analyzers has elevated data quality, enabling lower limits of detection and improved accuracy. Developments in ionization techniques like ESI, APCI, and MALDI have extended applications to a wider array of analytes, including large biomolecules. Automated sample preparation and real-time data analytics now further support regulatory compliance and high-throughput demands. The fusion of these techniques forms the backbone of modern analytical laboratories, bridging the gap between separation and molecular identification.